feat(queue): add Publisher.PublishAfter delay primitive

## Summary

Add `Publisher.PublishAfter(ctx, topic, msg, delayMs)` to the queue
extension: a fresh message inserted into the topic, made visible to
subscribers only after `delayMs` from now. Distinct from
`Delivery.Nack(requeueAfterMillis)`:

- `Nack` is "this delivery failed, try again" — it bumps `retry_count`
  and eventually trips DLQ.
- `PublishAfter` is "postpone this work" — `retry_count` resets to 0,
  DLQ stays available for true failures.

The split keeps both signals meaningful. Use `PublishAfter` for
self-driven poll loops (each cycle is a fresh message, not a retry).
Use `Nack` for processing failures.

SQL backing in `extension/queue/mysql`:

- New `visible_after BIGINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL DEFAULT 0` column on
  `queue_messages`. Default 0 means immediately visible — back-compat
  for any existing rows.
- `messageStore.InsertDelayed(ctx, topic, messages, visibleAfterMs)`
  is the underlying primitive. `Insert` is now a thin wrapper that
  passes `visibleAfterMs = 0`.
- `FetchByOffset` gains a `nowMs` parameter and an
  `AND visible_after <= ?` predicate so subscribers skip rows whose
  delivery is still deferred.
- `MoveToDLQ` writes `visible_after = 0` explicitly: any delay on the
  original message has already been consumed by the time it failed.

The first consumer of `PublishAfter` is the orchestrator's poll-driven
`buildsignal` loop, which lands in the stacked PR on top of this one.

## Test Plan

- `make mocks gazelle tidy fmt lint check-tidy check-gazelle check-mocks`
  — all green.
- `make test` — 35 unit tests pass, including new coverage for
  `PublishAfter` (positive/zero/negative delay, closed-publisher) and
  for `FetchByOffset` skipping deferred rows.
- `make build` — all targets compile.

## Issues

Author: behinddwalls

extension/queue/README.md

@@ -13,10 +13,18 @@ Publishes messages to topics.
 ```go
 type Publisher interface {
     Publish(ctx context.Context, topic string, message queue.Message) error
+    PublishAfter(ctx context.Context, topic string, message queue.Message, delayMs int64) error
     Close() error
 }
 ```
 
+**`PublishAfter`** inserts a fresh message that becomes visible to subscribers only after `delayMs`. It is distinct from `Nack(requeueAfterMillis)` even though both can produce "next delivery happens at T+delay":
+
+- `Nack` is "this delivery failed, try again" — it bumps `retry_count` and eventually trips DLQ.
+- `PublishAfter` is "postpone this work" — `retry_count` resets to 0, DLQ stays available for true failures.
+
+Use `PublishAfter` for self-driven poll loops (e.g. the orchestrator's `buildsignal` consumer re-publishing itself between `Status` calls). Use `Nack` for processing failures.
+
 ### Subscriber
 Consumes messages from topics with per-subscription configuration.
 

extension/queue/mock/publisher_mock.go

@@ -112,6 +112,8 @@ extension/queue/mysql/
 | `queue_partition_leases` | Partition lease coordination | `(consumer_group, topic, partition_key)` |
 | `queue_subscriber_heartbeats` | Active subscriber tracking | `(consumer_group, topic, subscriber_name)` |
 
+`queue_messages` has a `visible_after BIGINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL DEFAULT 0` column that supports `Publisher.PublishAfter`: subscribers' `FetchByOffset` skips rows where `visible_after > now`. Default 0 means immediately visible, so existing rows continue to behave as before — the column is back-compatible.
+
 See `schema/` for full SQL definitions. See the [RFC](../../doc/rfc/sql-queue-rfc.md#database-schema) for field-level documentation.
 
 ### Store Architecture

extension/queue/mysql/README.md

@@ -44,7 +44,15 @@ func newMessageStore(db *sql.DB, logger *zap.SugaredLogger, scope tally.Scope) m
 	}
 }
 
-// Insert inserts messages into the messages table.
+// Insert inserts messages into the messages table with no visibility delay.
+// Equivalent to InsertDelayed with visibleAfterMs == 0.
+func (s *sqlmessageStore) Insert(ctx context.Context, topic string, messages []queue.Message) error {
+	return s.InsertDelayed(ctx, topic, messages, 0)
+}
+
+// InsertDelayed inserts messages into the messages table, optionally deferring
+// delivery until visibleAfterMs (epoch milliseconds). 0 means immediately
+// visible; FetchByOffset skips rows where visible_after > now.
 //
 // Publishes are idempotent on the (topic, partition_key, id) unique key: a
 // repeated publish for the same key is silently treated as success and does
@@ -53,7 +61,7 @@ func newMessageStore(db *sql.DB, logger *zap.SugaredLogger, scope tally.Scope) m
 // idempotent publishes") and lets callers safely retry publishes (e.g. a
 // second Cancel RPC for the same request) without surfacing 1062 duplicate-key
 // errors.
-func (s *sqlmessageStore) Insert(ctx context.Context, topic string, messages []queue.Message) (retErr error) {
+func (s *sqlmessageStore) InsertDelayed(ctx context.Context, topic string, messages []queue.Message, visibleAfterMs int64) (retErr error) {
 	op := metrics.Begin(s.scope, "insert", metrics.NewTag("topic", topic))
 	defer func() { op.Complete(retErr) }()
 
@@ -64,6 +72,7 @@ func (s *sqlmessageStore) Insert(ctx context.Context, topic string, messages []q
 	s.logger.Debugw("inserting messages",
 		logTopic, topic,
 		"count", len(messages),
+		"visible_after", visibleAfterMs,
 	)
 
 	tx, err := s.db.BeginTx(ctx, nil)
@@ -75,8 +84,8 @@ func (s *sqlmessageStore) Insert(ctx context.Context, topic string, messages []q
 	// ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE topic=topic is a no-op write that makes MySQL
 	// swallow the unique-key violation without mutating the existing row.
 	stmt, err := tx.PrepareContext(ctx, fmt.Sprintf(`
-		INSERT INTO %s (topic, id, payload, metadata, partition_key, created_at, published_at, failed_at, failure_count, last_error, original_topic)
-		VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, 0, 0, '', '')
+		INSERT INTO %s (topic, id, payload, metadata, partition_key, created_at, published_at, visible_after, failed_at, failure_count, last_error, original_topic)
+		VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, 0, 0, '', '')
 		ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE topic = topic
 	`, MessagesTableName))
 	if err != nil {
@@ -102,6 +111,7 @@ func (s *sqlmessageStore) Insert(ctx context.Context, topic string, messages []q
 			msg.PartitionKey,
 			now,
 			msg.PublishedAt,
+			visibleAfterMs,
 		)
 		if err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("insert message topic=%s message=%s partition=%s: %w", topic, msg.ID, msg.PartitionKey, err)
@@ -137,18 +147,20 @@ func (s *sqlmessageStore) Delete(ctx context.Context, topic string, partitionKey
 }
 
 // FetchByOffset fetches messages with offset > currentOffset for a specific partition.
+// Rows whose visible_after > nowMs are skipped — those are deferred deliveries
+// (published via InsertDelayed) that should not yet be surfaced to subscribers.
 // Messages are fetched from the immutable log; no per-message mutation occurs.
-func (s *sqlmessageStore) FetchByOffset(ctx context.Context, topic string, partitionKey string, currentOffset int64, limit int) (_ []messageRow, retErr error) {
+func (s *sqlmessageStore) FetchByOffset(ctx context.Context, topic string, partitionKey string, currentOffset int64, nowMs int64, limit int) (_ []messageRow, retErr error) {
 	op := metrics.Begin(s.scope, "fetch", metrics.NewTag("topic", topic))
 	defer func() { op.Complete(retErr) }()
 
 	rows, err := s.db.QueryContext(ctx, fmt.Sprintf(`
 		SELECT offset, id, payload, metadata, partition_key, published_at, failed_at, failure_count, last_error, original_topic
 		FROM %s
-		WHERE topic = ? AND partition_key = ? AND offset > ?
+		WHERE topic = ? AND partition_key = ? AND offset > ? AND visible_after <= ?
 		ORDER BY offset
 		LIMIT ?
-	`, MessagesTableName), topic, partitionKey, currentOffset, limit)
+	`, MessagesTableName), topic, partitionKey, currentOffset, nowMs, limit)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("query messages topic=%s partition=%s: %w", topic, partitionKey, err)
 	}
@@ -254,11 +266,13 @@ func (s *sqlmessageStore) MoveToDLQ(ctx context.Context, topic string, partition
 		return fmt.Errorf("fetch message for DLQ topic=%s partition=%s message=%s: %w", topic, partitionKey, messageID, err)
 	}
 
-	// Insert into queue_messages table with DLQ topic name and DLQ-specific fields
+	// Insert into queue_messages table with DLQ topic name and DLQ-specific fields.
+	// DLQ messages are always immediately visible (visible_after=0); any delay on
+	// the original message has already been consumed by the time it failed.
 	now := time.Now().UnixMilli()
 	_, err = tx.ExecContext(ctx, fmt.Sprintf(`
-		INSERT INTO %s (topic, id, payload, metadata, partition_key, created_at, published_at, failed_at, failure_count, last_error, original_topic)
-		VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)
+		INSERT INTO %s (topic, id, payload, metadata, partition_key, created_at, published_at, visible_after, failed_at, failure_count, last_error, original_topic)
+		VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, 0, ?, ?, ?, ?)
 	`, MessagesTableName), dlqTopic, messageID, payload, metadataJSON, fetchPartKey, createdAtMilli, publishedAtMilli, now, failureCount, lastError, topic)
 
 	if err != nil {

extension/queue/mysql/message_store.go

@@ -141,23 +141,68 @@ func TestMessageStore_FetchByOffset(t *testing.T) {
 	topic := "test_topic"
 	partitionKey := "part1"
 	currentOffset := int64(0)
+	nowMs := time.Now().UnixMilli()
 	limit := 10
 
 	// Mock query results (no transaction, simple SELECT)
 	rows := sqlmock.NewRows([]string{"offset", "id", "payload", "metadata", "partition_key", "published_at", "failed_at", "failure_count", "last_error", "original_topic"}).
 		AddRow(int64(1), "msg1", []byte("payload1"), []byte("{}"), "part1", time.Now().UnixMilli(), int64(0), 0, "", "")
 
 	mock.ExpectQuery("SELECT (.+) FROM queue_messages").
-		WithArgs(topic, partitionKey, currentOffset, limit).
+		WithArgs(topic, partitionKey, currentOffset, nowMs, limit).
 		WillReturnRows(rows)
 
-	results, err := store.FetchByOffset(ctx, topic, partitionKey, currentOffset, limit)
+	results, err := store.FetchByOffset(ctx, topic, partitionKey, currentOffset, nowMs, limit)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.Len(t, results, 1)
 	require.Equal(t, "msg1", results[0].ID)
 	require.NoError(t, mock.ExpectationsWereMet())
 }
 
+func TestMessageStore_FetchByOffset_SkipsDelayed(t *testing.T) {
+	db, mock, store := setupmessageStoreTest(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	topic := "test_topic"
+	partitionKey := "part1"
+	currentOffset := int64(0)
+	nowMs := int64(1000)
+	limit := 10
+
+	// The SQL filter (visible_after <= nowMs) is applied by the DB; sqlmock just
+	// verifies the parameter binding. An empty result row simulates the case
+	// where the only message is still deferred.
+	mock.ExpectQuery("SELECT (.+) FROM queue_messages").
+		WithArgs(topic, partitionKey, currentOffset, nowMs, limit).
+		WillReturnRows(sqlmock.NewRows([]string{"offset", "id", "payload", "metadata", "partition_key", "published_at", "failed_at", "failure_count", "last_error", "original_topic"}))
+
+	results, err := store.FetchByOffset(ctx, topic, partitionKey, currentOffset, nowMs, limit)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Empty(t, results)
+	require.NoError(t, mock.ExpectationsWereMet())
+}
+
+func TestMessageStore_InsertDelayed(t *testing.T) {
+	db, mock, store := setupmessageStoreTest(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	visibleAfter := time.Now().UnixMilli() + 5000
+	msg := queue.Message{ID: "msg-delayed", Payload: []byte("p"), PartitionKey: "part1", PublishedAt: time.Now().UnixMilli()}
+
+	mock.ExpectBegin()
+	mock.ExpectPrepare("INSERT INTO queue_messages")
+	mock.ExpectExec("INSERT INTO queue_messages").
+		WithArgs("test_topic", msg.ID, msg.Payload, []byte(nil), msg.PartitionKey, sqlmock.AnyArg(), msg.PublishedAt, visibleAfter).
+		WillReturnResult(sqlmock.NewResult(1, 1))
+	mock.ExpectCommit()
+
+	err := store.InsertDelayed(ctx, "test_topic", []queue.Message{msg}, visibleAfter)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, mock.ExpectationsWereMet())
+}
+
 func TestMessageStore_MoveToDLQ(t *testing.T) {
 	db, mock, store := setupmessageStoreTest(t)
 	defer db.Close()

extension/queue/mysql/message_store_test.go

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
 	"sync"
+	"time"
 
 	"github.com/uber-go/tally/v4"
 	"go.uber.org/zap"
@@ -66,6 +67,36 @@ func (p *publisher) Publish(ctx context.Context, topic string, message queue.Mes
 	return nil
 }
 
+// PublishAfter sends a message that becomes visible to subscribers only
+// after delayMs from now. The message is inserted with visible_after =
+// now + delayMs; FetchByOffset skips it until that timestamp.
+// delayMs <= 0 is equivalent to Publish.
+func (p *publisher) PublishAfter(ctx context.Context, topic string, message queue.Message, delayMs int64) (retErr error) {
+	op := metrics.Begin(p.scope, "publish_after", metrics.NewTag("topic", topic))
+	defer func() { op.Complete(retErr) }()
+
+	p.mu.RLock()
+	closed := p.closed
+	p.mu.RUnlock()
+
+	if closed {
+		return ErrPublisherClosed
+	}
+
+	var visibleAfter int64
+	if delayMs > 0 {
+		visibleAfter = time.Now().UnixMilli() + delayMs
+	}
+
+	if err := p.messageStore.InsertDelayed(ctx, topic, []queue.Message{message}, visibleAfter); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("publish_after message store insert error: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	p.logger.Debugw("published delayed message", logTopic, topic, logMessageID, message.ID, "delay_ms", delayMs)
+
+	return nil
+}
+
 // Close gracefully shuts down the publisher
 func (p *publisher) Close() error {
 	p.mu.Lock()

extension/queue/mysql/mock_stores.go

@@ -160,6 +160,68 @@ func TestPublisher_PublishAfterClose(t *testing.T) {
 	require.True(t, errors.Is(err, ErrPublisherClosed))
 }
 
+func TestPublisher_PublishAfter(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name           string
+		delayMs        int64
+		wantVisibleArg gomock.Matcher
+	}{
+		{
+			name:    "positive delay binds future visible_after",
+			delayMs: 5000,
+			// Exact timestamp depends on wall clock; assert it's > 0.
+			wantVisibleArg: gomock.Cond(func(v any) bool {
+				ts, ok := v.(int64)
+				return ok && ts > 0
+			}),
+		},
+		{
+			name:           "zero delay binds visible_after=0",
+			delayMs:        0,
+			wantVisibleArg: gomock.Eq(int64(0)),
+		},
+		{
+			name:           "negative delay clamps to 0",
+			delayMs:        -100,
+			wantVisibleArg: gomock.Eq(int64(0)),
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			ctrl := gomock.NewController(t)
+			defer ctrl.Finish()
+
+			mockStore := NewMockmessageStore(ctrl)
+			mockStore.EXPECT().
+				InsertDelayed(gomock.Any(), "test_topic", gomock.Any(), tt.wantVisibleArg).
+				Return(nil).
+				Times(1)
+
+			pub := setupPublisherTest(t, mockStore)
+
+			msg := queue.NewMessage("msg-delayed", []byte("p"), "part1", nil)
+			err := pub.PublishAfter(context.Background(), "test_topic", msg, tt.delayMs)
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestPublisher_PublishAfterClosed(t *testing.T) {
+	ctrl := gomock.NewController(t)
+	defer ctrl.Finish()
+
+	mockStore := NewMockmessageStore(ctrl)
+	pub := setupPublisherTest(t, mockStore)
+
+	require.NoError(t, pub.Close())
+
+	msg := queue.NewMessage("msg1", []byte("p"), "part1", nil)
+	err := pub.PublishAfter(context.Background(), "test_topic", msg, 1000)
+	require.Error(t, err)
+	require.True(t, errors.Is(err, ErrPublisherClosed))
+}
+
 func TestPublisher_Close(t *testing.T) {
 	ctrl := gomock.NewController(t)
 	defer ctrl.Finish()

extension/queue/mysql/publisher.go

@@ -25,6 +25,13 @@ CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS queue_messages (
     created_at BIGINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL,
     published_at BIGINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL,
 
+    -- visible_after defers delivery: subscribers skip rows where visible_after > now.
+    -- 0 (the default) means immediately visible. Set by Publisher.PublishAfter
+    -- to schedule a fresh message for delivery at a future time without
+    -- consuming a delivery_state retry slot (used e.g. by the orchestrator's
+    -- buildstatus polling consumer to space out Status calls).
+    visible_after BIGINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
+
     -- DLQ-specific fields (0/"" for normal messages, populated for DLQ messages)
     failed_at BIGINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL,
     -- failure_count stores how many times the message failed on the ORIGINAL topic before moving to DLQ