diff --git a/.Rbuildignore b/.Rbuildignore index 6302f6f..fb3a77a 100644 --- a/.Rbuildignore +++ b/.Rbuildignore @@ -10,3 +10,6 @@ ^\.github$ ^doc$ ^Meta$ +^CITATION\.cff$ +^vignettes/articles$ +^Python$ diff --git a/.github/workflows/R-CMD-check.yaml b/.github/workflows/R-CMD-check.yaml index 562fe0f..8a5bca6 100644 --- a/.github/workflows/R-CMD-check.yaml +++ b/.github/workflows/R-CMD-check.yaml @@ -1,13 +1,15 @@ -# Workflow derived from https://github.com/r-lib/actions/tree/v2/examples +# R CMD check on every push and pull request, written by washr::setup_ci(). +# Derived from https://github.com/r-lib/actions/tree/v2/examples (check-standard), +# with the dev branch in the triggers as the openwashdata review standard requires. # Need help debugging build failures? Start at https://github.com/r-lib/actions#where-to-find-help on: push: - branches: [main, master] + branches: [main, master, dev] pull_request: + branches: [main, master, dev] + workflow_dispatch: -name: R-CMD-check.yaml - -permissions: read-all +name: R-CMD-check jobs: R-CMD-check: @@ -48,4 +50,4 @@ jobs: - uses: r-lib/actions/check-r-package@v2 with: upload-snapshots: true - build_args: 'c("--no-manual","--compact-vignettes=gs+qpdf")' + build_args: 'c("--no-manual")' diff --git a/.github/workflows/pkgdown.yaml b/.github/workflows/pkgdown.yaml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..16c6c8b --- /dev/null +++ b/.github/workflows/pkgdown.yaml @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +# Workflow derived from https://github.com/r-lib/actions/tree/v2/examples +# Need help debugging build failures? Start at https://github.com/r-lib/actions#where-to-find-help +on: + push: + branches: [main, master] + pull_request: + release: + types: [published] + workflow_dispatch: + +name: pkgdown.yaml + +permissions: read-all + +jobs: + pkgdown: + runs-on: ubuntu-latest + # Only restrict concurrency for non-PR jobs + concurrency: + group: pkgdown-${{ github.event_name != 'pull_request' || github.run_id }} + env: + GITHUB_PAT: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }} + permissions: + contents: write + steps: + - uses: actions/checkout@v6 + + - uses: r-lib/actions/setup-pandoc@v2 + + - uses: r-lib/actions/setup-r@v2 + + - uses: r-lib/actions/setup-r-dependencies@v2 + with: + extra-packages: any::pkgdown, local::. + needs: website + + - name: Build site + run: pkgdown::build_site_github_pages(new_process = FALSE, install = FALSE) + shell: Rscript {0} + + - name: Deploy to GitHub pages 🚀 + if: github.event_name != 'pull_request' + uses: JamesIves/github-pages-deploy-action@d92aa235d04922e8f08b40ce78cc5442fcfbfa2f # v4.8.0 + with: + clean: false + branch: gh-pages + folder: docs diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore index 96cd748..92d340f 100644 --- a/.gitignore +++ b/.gitignore @@ -6,3 +6,4 @@ inst/doc /doc/ /Meta/ +docs diff --git a/CITATION.cff b/CITATION.cff index 2dc36c1..603f01f 100644 --- a/CITATION.cff +++ b/CITATION.cff @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# -------------------------------------------- -# CITATION file created with {cffr} R package +# ------------------------------------------------ +# CITATION.cff file created with {cffr} R package # See also: https://docs.ropensci.org/cffr/ -# -------------------------------------------- +# ------------------------------------------------ cff-version: 1.2.0 message: 'To cite package "glossarywho" in publications use:' -type: software +type: dataset license: CC-BY-4.0 title: 'glossarywho: WHO Glossary' -version: 0.1.0 -doi: 10.5281/zenodo.14754017 +version: 1.0.2 +doi: 10.5281/zenodo.14754016 abstract: This package provides access to a tidy version of the WHO Glossary (https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240105485) and thematic areas for each term. authors: @@ -18,11 +18,20 @@ authors: email: ydubey@ethz.ch orcid: https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2849-970X repository-code: https://github.com/openwashdata/glossarywho -url: https://github.com/openwashdata/glossarywho +url: https://openwashdata.github.io/glossarywho/ date-released: '2025-01-28' contact: - family-names: Dubey given-names: Yash email: ydubey@ethz.ch orcid: https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2849-970X +keywords: +- open data +- washdata +- glossary +- health data +- health statistics +- public health indicators +- data governance +- WHO diff --git a/DESCRIPTION b/DESCRIPTION index ec1a322..e194841 100644 --- a/DESCRIPTION +++ b/DESCRIPTION @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ Package: glossarywho Type: Package Title: WHO Glossary -Version: 0.1.0 +Version: 1.0.2 Authors@R: c( person("Yash", "Dubey", , "ydubey@ethz.ch", role = c("cre", "aut"), comment = c(ORCID = "0009-0001-2849-970X")) @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ Depends: R (>= 3.5) RoxygenNote: 7.3.2 Language: en-GB -Config/Needs/website: rmarkdown +Config/Needs/website: rmarkdown, dplyr, readr, stringr, gt, kableExtra, ggplot2, tidyverse, wordcloud, tm Date: 2025-01-28 URL: https://openwashdata.github.io/glossarywho/, https://github.com/openwashdata/glossarywho BugReports: https://github.com/openwashdata/glossarywho/issues @@ -22,3 +22,6 @@ Suggests: knitr, rmarkdown VignetteBuilder: knitr +X-schema.org-keywords: open data, washdata, glossary, health data, health statistics, public health indicators, data governance, WHO +X-schema.org-spatialCoverage: Global +X-schema.org-temporalCoverage: 2025-01-01/2025-12-31 diff --git a/NEWS.md b/NEWS.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..426ec7f --- /dev/null +++ b/NEWS.md @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +# glossarywho 1.0.2 + +* Metadata-only patch after the v1.0.1 Zenodo record, which was cut while DESCRIPTION still said 0.1.0. CITATION.cff and inst/CITATION carry the Zenodo concept DOI and declare the work as a dataset; DESCRIPTION gains keywords and the spatial and temporal coverage; the pkgdown site is deployed from gh-pages; R CMD check runs in CI on dev and main. The data are unchanged. + +# glossarywho 1.0.1 + +* Release archived on Zenodo. + +# glossarywho 1.0.0 + +* First release on GitHub. diff --git a/README.Rmd b/README.Rmd index bea7840..78c9288 100644 --- a/README.Rmd +++ b/README.Rmd @@ -29,6 +29,8 @@ knitr::opts_chunk$set( [](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) +[](https://zenodo.org/doi/10.5281/zenodo.14754016) +[](https://github.com/openwashdata/glossarywho/actions/workflows/R-CMD-check.yaml) The goal of glossarywho is to provide data from the [WHO Glossary](https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240105485) in a tidy format. Access definitions by themes [here](https://openwashdata.github.io/glossarywho/articles/Themes.html) or use the search bar at the top of the page. @@ -177,7 +179,7 @@ wordcloud(words = names(sort(colSums(as.matrix(dtm)), decreasing = TRUE)), ## License Data are available as -[CC-BY](https://github.com/openwashdata/%7B%7B%7Bpackagename%7D%7D%7D/blob/main/LICENSE.md). +[CC-BY](https://github.com/openwashdata/glossarywho/blob/main/LICENSE.md). ## Citation diff --git a/README.md b/README.md index f72642d..0d8d6bc 100644 --- a/README.md +++ b/README.md @@ -8,6 +8,8 @@ [](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) +[](https://zenodo.org/doi/10.5281/zenodo.14754016) +[](https://github.com/openwashdata/glossarywho/actions/workflows/R-CMD-check.yaml) The goal of glossarywho is to provide data from the [WHO @@ -71,7 +73,7 @@ definitions |> gt::as_raw_html() ``` -
| Thematic Area | +Thematic Area | Term |
|---|---|---|
+
``` r
# Wordcloud of most common words from definitions
@@ -248,12 +248,12 @@ wordcloud(words = names(sort(colSums(as.matrix(dtm)), decreasing = TRUE)),
colors = brewer.pal(8, "Dark2"))
```
-
+
## License
Data are available as
-[CC-BY](https://github.com/openwashdata/%7B%7B%7Bpackagename%7D%7D%7D/blob/main/LICENSE.md).
+[CC-BY](https://github.com/openwashdata/glossarywho/blob/main/LICENSE.md).
## Citation
@@ -264,9 +264,9 @@ citation("glossarywho")
#> To cite package 'glossarywho' in publications use:
#>
#> Dubey Y (2025). "glossarywho: WHO Glossary."
-#> doi:10.5281/zenodo.14754017
-#> LICENSE.md
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- - -vignettes/Age-specific mortality rate.Rmd
- Age-specific mortality rate.Rmdvignettes/Birth registration data.Rmd
- Birth registration data.RmdA systematic framework used to track patient outcomes across the -stages of care, from diagnosis to treatment and ultimately to successful -outcomes. Each stage in the cascade identifies gaps in care that can -prevent individuals from reaching the outcome such as receiving proper -treatment or achieving disease control. The model was first developed in -1978 by Tanahasi to identify gaps and barriers in health systems -performance (7,8).
-For the matters of international and national standard reporting, the -definition is: The disease or injury that initiated the train of morbid -events leading directly to death, or the circumstances of the accident -or violence which produced the fatal injury. The fully specified title -is: “Single underlying cause of death” . It is different from multiple -cause analysis and other concepts like direct cause or cause determined -by verbal autopsy. See also “International Classification of Diseases” -(10,11).
-vignettes/Chi-square (χ2) test.Rmd
- Chi-square (χ2) test.RmdThe Chi-square test of independence (also known as the Pearson -Chi-square test) is one of the most useful statistics for testing -hypotheses when the variables are nominal, as often happens in clinical -research. Unlike most statistics, the Chi-square (χ2) test can provide -information not only on the significance of any observed differences, -but also provides detailed information on exactly which categories -account for any differences found (12).
-vignettes/Civil registration and vital statistics.Rmd
- Civil registration and vital statistics.RmdA system of continuous, permanent, compulsory, and universal -recording of the occurrence and characteristics of vital events -pertaining to the population, as provided through decree or regulation -in accordance with the legal requirements in each country. The main -source of vital statistics is civil registration and includes events -like birth, marriage, divorce, adoption, death, and cause of death -(10).
-vignettes/Completeness of reporting.Rmd
- Completeness of reporting.RmdOccurs when the relationship between an exposure and an outcome is -distorted because the exposure is linked to other factors that also -affect the likelihood of the outcome. A confounding variable is an -additional variable that influences both the independent and dependent -variables and that distorts the relationship between them (17).
-The degree to which a measurement aligns with related theoretical -hypotheses, demonstrating that it accurately represents the underlying -theoretical concept. It indicates how well the scores reflect the -intended construct, ensuring the results are meaningful and relevant. -Construct validity is commonly applied to process indicators (18).A
-Core indicators may be defined in collaboration with all key -stakeholders (e.g. ministry of health, national statistics office, other -relevant ministries, professional organizations, experts, and major -disease-focused programmes), and depends on the priority monitoring -requirements related to health and health- related SDGs, among other -health priorities (21).
-vignettes/Correlation analysis.Rmd
- Correlation analysis.RmdData, including non-health data, which are used in a statistical -model to improve the estimation of the health indicator of interest. -These data are population- specific and are available for every -population included in the analysis. For example, a common covariate is -gross domestic product per capita (24).
-vignettes/Data collection level.Rmd
- Data collection level.Rmdvignettes/Data collection method.Rmd
- Data collection method.RmdThe specification of decision rights and an accountability framework -to ensure the appropriate behaviour in the valuation, creation, -consumption and control of data and analytics. The rules, processes and -behaviours related to the collection, management, analysis, use, sharing -and disposal of personal and/or non-personal data (28,36).
-vignettes/Data information pyramid.Rmd
- Data information pyramid.RmdA schematic way of looking at the number of data items to be -collected at each level of the health system allowing each level to -gather data of importance and relevance to their daily work while -avoiding excessive data collection where no action is taken. The pyramid -illustrates how most data are collected at the base of the pyramid in -the health facility, where most health service action takes place. Data -are processed, filtered, and streamlined as data sets that are then -passed up the health system (38).
-The rights and practices that ensure individuals have control over -how their personal information is collected, used, shared and -maintained. It focuses on protecting personal data from misuse and -ensuring that individuals can determine who has access to their data, -how it is used, and for what purposes (45).
-Individuals and organizations who are responsible, whether formally -or informally, for making data accessible to others. Sometimes a data -provider may be simply the producer of those data. In other cases, data -may be deposited in a repository, centre or archive that has the -responsibility of disseminating the data (46).
-vignettes/Data quality assessment.Rmd
- Data quality assessment.Rmdvignettes/Data quality assurance.Rmd
- Data quality assurance.RmdThe process of assessing and improving the quality of each data -stream to ensure the overall quality of health data or health -statistical products. Data quality assurance aims to ensure that the -final data meets the required standards for accuracy, consistency and -reliability (49).
-Appropriate organizational, physical and technical security measures -implemented for both electronic and paper data to protect the security -and integrity of personal data, including against personal data breach, -and to ensure its continued availability for the purposes for which the -personal data are processed (31).
-The rules for structuring information that has been collected, and -which facilitate semantic interoperability. A set of agreed data -standards ensures that the data entered into a system can be reliably -read, sorted, indexed, retrieved and communicated between systems. For -example, length of a field, format, the encoding of the information, and -permissible values (47).
-vignettes/Death registration data.Rmd
- Death registration data.Rmdvignettes/Death registration desk.Rmd
- Death registration desk.Rmdvignettes/Delineated geographical areas within.Rmd
- Delineated geographical areas within.RmdThe lower portion of a fraction; that is the number below the -horizontal bar of a fraction. It is used to calculate, for example, -rates, ratios and percentages. In a rate, the denominator is usually the -population (or population experience, as in person-years, etc.) at risk -(5).
-vignettes/Descriptive cross-sectional.Rmd
- Descriptive cross-sectional.Rmdvignettes/Descriptive analysis.Rmd
- Descriptive analysis.RmdThe systematic application of information and communication -technologies, computer science, and data to support informed -decision-making by individuals, the health workforce and health systems, -in order to strengthen resilience to disease and improve health and -wellness (58).
-vignettes/Disability adjusted life years (DALYs).Rmd
- Disability adjusted life years (DALYs).RmdRepresents the loss of the equivalent of one year of full health. For -a disease or health condition it is the sum of the years of life lost to -due to premature mortality (YLLs) and the years lived with a disability -(YLDs) due to prevalent cases of the disease or health condition in a -population (59).
-vignettes/Disease surveillance system.Rmd
- Disease surveillance system.RmdEcological analysis is a research methodology that investigates the -relationships between different factors and health outcomes or other -phenomena at the group level, rather than focusing on individuals. This -approach entails analysing data gathered from populations or communities -to uncover patterns, disparities, correlations, and possible causal -relationships (17).A
-An erroneous inference that may occur because an association observed -between variables on an aggregate level does not necessarily represent -or reflect the association that exists at an individual level; a causal -relationship that exists on a group level or among groups may not exist -among the group individuals (17).
-The steps taken to generate health estimates. An explanation of the -method should include how the indicator is calculated, including -mathematical formulas and descriptive information of computations made -on the source data to produce the estimate (including adjustments and -weighting). Reporting on methods used should align with the Guidelines -for accurate and transparent health estimates reporting (GATHER) -(24).
-vignettes/Event-based surveillance.Rmd
- Event-based surveillance.RmdThe organized and rapid capture of information about incidents that -are a potential risk to public health. This information can be rumours -and other ad hoc reports transmitted through formal channels -(i.e. established routine reporting systems) and informal channels -(i.e. media, health workers and nongovernmental organizations’ reports) -(64).
-vignettes/External consistency of data.Rmd
- External consistency of data.RmdAn assessment of the level of agreement between two sources of data -measuring the same health indicator. The two sources of data that are -usually compared are data flowing through health management information -systems or a programme- specific information system, and data from a -periodic population-based survey (13).
-vignettes/External responsiveness.Rmd
- External responsiveness.RmdRefers to the characteristics of women, men, girls and boys that are -socially constructed. This includes norms, behaviours and roles -associated with being a woman, man, girl or boy, as well as -relationships with each other. As a social construct, gender varies from -society to society and can change over time (68).
-vignettes/Geographic accessibility.Rmd
- Geographic accessibility.Rmdvignettes/Geographic information systems.Rmd
- Geographic information systems.RmdGeospatial analysis is the use of geographic information systems and -geospatial data to measure, examine and visualize spatial patterns, -relationships and trends. Often includes statistical methods and/or -artificial intelligence (73).Geospatial data Information describing the -location and attributes of objects, events or other features on the -earth’s surface (70,74).
-vignettes/Global Health Observatory.Rmd
- Global Health Observatory.RmdThe WHO global database for health and health-related indicators, -presenting the latest available data at global, regional and national -levels. This database is the WHO gateway to health-related statistics, -providing access to over 1000 indicators on priority health topics -including mortality and burden of diseases (75).
-vignettes/Global health estimates.Rmd
- Global health estimates.RmdWHO estimates on death and disability globally, by region and -country, available by age, sex and cause. These provide key insights on -mortality and morbidity trends and are a powerful tool to support -informed decision-making on health policy and resource allocation -(76).
-vignettes/Government agency or institution.Rmd
- Government agency or institution.Rmdvignettes/Health and demographic surveillance system.Rmd
- Health and demographic surveillance system.RmdQuantitative population-level estimates (including global, regional, -national or subnational estimates) of health indicators, including -indicators of health status such as estimates of total and -cause-specific mortality, incidence and prevalence of diseases, injuries -and disability and functioning; and indicators of health determinants, -including health behaviours and health exposures (24).
-vignettes/Health facility census.Rmd
- Health facility census.Rmdvignettes/Health facility survey.Rmd
- Health facility survey.Rmdvignettes/Health impact assessment.Rmd
- Health impact assessment.RmdUnfair, avoidable or remediable differences in health among groups of -people. In some cases, the absence of a difference between groups (that -is, a situation of equality) might be considered inequitable. Health -inequity is rooted in the unfair distribution of, and access to, power, -wealth and other social resources, and is linked to forms of -disadvantage that are socially produced, such as poverty, discrimination -and lack of access to services or goods (83).
-vignettes/Health information system.Rmd
- Health information system.RmdA system that collects data from health and other relevant sectors, -analyses the data and ensures their overall quality, relevance and -timeliness, and converts the data into information for health- related -decision-making. It has four key functions: (i) data generation; (ii) -compilation; (iii) analysis and synthesis; and (iv) communication and -use. A solid health information system will be capable of generating -reliable data from hospitals, outpatients, reportable diseases -registries, surveys, civil registration and vital statistics and other -relevant data for health
-vignettes/Health management information system.Rmd
- Health management information system.Rmdvignettes/Health management information.Rmd
- Health management information.RmdA survey that is designed to gather information about health -(physical and mental) and health-related factors. Health surveys -generally include measures of risk factors, health behaviours, and non- -health determinants or correlates of health such as socioeconomic -status. The range of measures that can be included is wide and varies by -survey. Age, sex/ gender and race/ethnicity are the basic demographic -variables that are included in health surveys. Socioeconomic -determinants of health include education, income, geographic region and -rural/ urban residence (87).
-vignettes/Healthy life expectancy at birth.Rmd
- Healthy life expectancy at birth.RmdA measure of the tendency of respondents to report numerical values -using preferred numbers or specific intervals when providing estimates, -such as age of disease diagnosis or date of events (e.g. birthweights -reported on 2000g or 2500g) or rounded (i.e. ending in ‘00’ or ‘50’) -(89).
-A health document used to record the history of health services -received by an individual. It is kept in the household, in either paper -or electronic format, by the individual or their caregiver and is -intended to be integrated into the health information system and -complement records maintained by health facilities (90).I
-vignettes/Indicator classification.Rmd
- Indicator classification.Rmdvignettes/Indicator definition.Rmd
- Indicator definition.Rmdvignettes/Indicator-based surveillance commonly.Rmd
- Indicator-based surveillance commonly.Rmdvignettes/Indicator-based surveillance.Rmd
- Indicator-based surveillance.Rmdvignettes/Individual health record.Rmd
- Individual health record.RmdFiles or a document that contain diagnoses and treatment, -medications, allergies, immunizations, as well as radiology images and -laboratory results for an individual. These records contribute to -tracking a patient’s medical history. They are generally kept in a -health facility, in either paper or electronic format (93).
-vignettes/Internal consistency of data.Rmd
- Internal consistency of data.RmdA measure based on the correlations between different items on the -same test or survey. It measures whether several items that propose to -measure the same general construct produce similar scores or results. -For example, if a respondent answered “Do you consider yourself -healthy?” as yes, and then in the same survey answered “Do you consider -yourself unhealthy?” as no, that is good internal consistency (94).
-vignettes/Internal responsiveness.Rmd
- Internal responsiveness.Rmdvignettes/International Classification of Diseases (ICD).Rmd
- International Classification of Diseases (ICD).RmdA structured translation of each medical condition into an -alphanumeric code, which allows for the harmonization and comparison of -mortality statistics across time and locations. ICD is a gold standard -coding system for reporting cause of death data (10).
-vignettes/International Health Regulations.Rmd
- International Health Regulations.RmdIt is an instrument of international law that is legally-binding on -196 countries, including the 194 WHO Member States. The International -Health Regulations grew out of the response to deadly epidemics that -once overran Europe. They create rights and obligations for countries, -including the requirement to report public health events (95).
-The ability of different applications to access, exchange, integrate -and use data in a coordinated manner through the use of shared -application interfaces and standards, within and across organizational, -regional and national boundaries, to provide timely and seamless -portability of information and optimize health outcomes (58).
-vignettes/Intervention coverage.Rmd
- Intervention coverage.Rmdvignettes/Joint external evaluation.Rmd
- Joint external evaluation.Rmdvignettes/Master facility list.Rmd
- Master facility list.Rmdvignettes/Medical certification of cause of death.Rmd
- Medical certification of cause of death.Rmdvignettes/Method of aggregate estimation.Rmd
- Method of aggregate estimation.RmdMicrodata are unit-level data obtained from sample surveys, censuses -and administrative systems. They provide information about -characteristics of individual people or entities such as households, -business enterprises, facilities, farms or even geographical areas such -as villages or towns (107).
-vignettes/Monitoring and evaluation (M&E) framework.Rmd
- Monitoring and evaluation (M&E) framework.RmdA structured and systematic tool used in project management and -programme implementation to assess performance, measure outcomes, and -ensure the achievement of objectives. It consists of several core -components, including clear project objectives, key performance -indicators, data collection methods, data sources, and responsibilities. -It defines how data will be collected, analysed and reported, ensuring -that the project or programme remains on track (100,101).
-vignettes/Monitoring and evaluation (M&E).Rmd
- Monitoring and evaluation (M&E).Rmdframework A structured and systematic tool used in project management -and programme implementation to assess performance, measure outcomes, -and ensure the achievement of objectives. It consists of several core -components, including clear project objectives, key performance -indicators, data collection methods, data sources, and responsibilities. -It defines how data will be collected, analysed and reported, ensuring -that the project or programme remains on track (100,101).
-Information on the number of deaths caused by an event or illness in -a specified time period. Measuring how many people die each year and why -they have died is one of the most informative ways of assessing the -effectiveness of a country’s health system. These data allow health -authorities to evaluate how they prioritize public health programmes -(10).N
-vignettes/National health strategic plan.Rmd
- National health strategic plan.RmdA plan that includes a set of priorities and activities to achieve -key milestones that will have impact beyond the health sector. It -includes medium- and long-term expected outcomes, and concrete and -realistic allocation of resources to implement the activities within -clear timing. The plan concretizes priorities; keeps focus on medium- -and long-term goals without deviating from an optimal path. It -integrates the health sector; helps focus the policy dialogue on health -priorities; and guides operational planning, resource allocation and -health sector monitoring and evaluation (110).
-vignettes/National statistics office.Rmd
- National statistics office.Rmdvignettes/Nationally representative.Rmd
- Nationally representative.Rmdvignettes/Negative predictive value.Rmd
- Negative predictive value.RmdThe probability that following a negative test result a given -individual will truly not have that specific disease. It is defined as -the number of true negatives (people who test negative who don’t have a -condition) divided by the total number of people who test negative -(113).
-vignettes/Notifiable conditions.Rmd
- Notifiable conditions.RmdA measure of association between an exposure and an outcome. It -represents the odds (or probability) that an outcome will occur given a -particular exposure, compared to the odds of the outcome occurring in -the absence of that exposure. The numerator is the proportion of the -event of interest, and the denominator is the proportion of the -non-event (23).
-Measures whether the programme is achieving the expected -effects/changes in the short, intermediate and long term, such as -changes in intervention coverage or health-related behaviours. Some -programmes refer to their longest-term/ most distal outcome indicators -as impact indicators (21).
-vignettes/Outcome-adjusted coverage.Rmd
- Outcome-adjusted coverage.RmdThe proportion of a population that benefits from an intervention -after considering the quality or effectiveness of the intervention. In -this measure, coverage is not just about access to services but also -reflects whether the intervention had a positive health impact. It -adjusts traditional intervention coverage estimates by incorporating the -actual outcomes of the health services provided (8).
-Data can be compiled continuously in systems such as civil -registries, cancer registries and surveillance systems of reportable -diseases. Data can also be compiled periodically, which is to say at -regular intervals or without predefined periodicity, and at a particular -point in time (23).A
-vignettes/Population attributable fraction.Rmd
- Population attributable fraction.RmdThe proportional reduction in population disease or mortality would -occur if exposure to a risk factor were reduced to an alternative ideal -exposure scenario. The number of deaths and DALYs attributed to a risk -factor is quantified by applying the population attributable fraction to -the total number of deaths or the total burden of disease (118).
-Is the total process of planning, collecting, compiling, evaluating, -disseminating and analysing demographic, economic and social data at the -smallest geographic level pertaining, at a specified time, to all -persons in a country or in a well-delimited part of a country (119).
-vignettes/Population-based survey.Rmd
- Population-based survey.Rmdvignettes/Positive predictive value.Rmd
- Positive predictive value.RmdIs the probability that following a positive test result, a given -individual will truly have that specific disease. It is defined as the -number of true positives (people who test positive and have a condition) -divided by the total number of people who test positive (113).
-vignettes/Preferred data sources.Rmd
- Preferred data sources.RmdThe recommended source of data for a specific health indicator. This -can include: civil registration and vital statistics systems; -surveillance; national population-based surveys; routine facility -information systems; health facility assessments; administrative data -sources; human resources information systems; laboratory information -systems (50,51).
-vignettes/Process of validation.Rmd
- Process of validation.Rmdvignettes/Processed health data.Rmd
- Processed health data.RmdHealth statistics that have been calculated from raw health data, but -are not the result of synthesizing multiple data sources. Examples of -processing raw health data include cleaning data by removing implausible -values, calculating an indicator with an algorithm, or adjusting a -statistic for bias (24).A Z16
-vignettes/Proxy health indicator.Rmd
- Proxy health indicator.Rmdvignettes/Public health surveillance system.Rmd
- Public health surveillance system.Rmdvignettes/Quality-adjusted coverage.Rmd
- Quality-adjusted coverage.RmdAn assessment metric that evaluates how effectively a health -intervention reaches a target population and the quality of care that is -provided. This measure combines intervention coverage rates with quality -measures to better understand the overall impact of health programmes -(8,125,126).R
-An expression of the frequency with which an event occurs in a -defined population, usually in a specified period of time. The -components of a rate are the numerator, the denominator, the specified -time in which events occur, and usually a multiplier, that converts the -rate from a fraction or decimal to a whole number. The numerator is the -absolute number of occurrences of the event being studied in a specified -time. The denominator is the reference population (or population being -studied) at the same time (17,23).
-The result of dividing one quantity by another without regard for -details such as a time dimension. Rates, proportions and percentages are -all types of ratios. The distinction between a proportion and a ratio is -that, whereas the numerator of a proportion is included in the -population defined by the denominator, this is not necessarily so for a -ratio, which expresses the relationship of two separate and distinct -quantities, neither of which is included in the other (17).
-A collection of information about individuals, usually focused on a -specific diagnosis or conditions. Registry data is stored in a database -and can provide health care providers and researchers with first-hand -information about people with specific conditions, both individually and -as a group, and over time. Patient registries are different from health -facility registers in that the former collect patient information that -is disease- or condition-specific whereas the later collect information -about the patient regardless of their condition or disease (130).
-The ability for the indicator to accurately describe the occurrence -of a health- related event over time and its distribution in the -population by place and person. This involves the absence of selection -bias with respect to the population that the indicator is intended to -represent (23,66).
-A diagram that maps the direct causal relationships between -incremental steps or results of key activities all the way up to the -overall objective and goal of the programme or intervention. It includes -an overall goal, strategic objectives, and intermediate results -(100,101).A Z18
-Data generated as part of regular operational or administrative -processes within the health care system. These data are systematically -collected during the delivery of health services and the management of -health facilities. Routine data includes patient demographics, health -conditions, treatments and outcomes recorded in health facility -registers, electronic health records, and health management information -systems. It also covers information related to health service resources, -such as infrastructure, human resources, and financial transactions. The -primary purpose of routine data is to support daily operations, monitor -service delivery, and facilitate decision-making across various levels -of the health system. This is also referred to as administrative data -(134,135).
-vignettes/Routine health information system.Rmd
- Routine health information system.RmdA system that generates data collected at public and private health -facilities and institutions, and at community-level health care posts -and clinics – at regular intervals of a year at minimum. The data give a -picture of health status, health services and health resources. Most of -the data are gathered by health care providers, by supervisors and -through routine health facility surveys. The sources of those data are -generally individual health records, records of services delivered, and -resource health records including financial, commodity or laboratory -records (51,86).
-Data that was originally collected for other purposes. The data from -these existing sources are considered secondary. Although these data -were not created for the purpose at hand, they facilitate the -development of the required indicators. Data from a census, research, -information system, etc. are secondary data (23).
-vignettes/Sensitivity analysis.Rmd
- Sensitivity analysis.RmdA systematic approach to evaluate how the variation in the output of -a system or model can be attributed to different sources of variation in -its inputs. It involves examining the sensitivity of the model’s -outcomes or outputs to changes in individual input parameters, providing -insights into the relative importance of each parameter in influencing -the overall results (138).
-vignettes/Standard operating procedures.Rmd
- Standard operating procedures.Rmdvignettes/Statistical significance.Rmd
- Statistical significance.RmdThe continuous, systematic collection, analysis, interpretation, and -dissemination of data needed for the planning, implementation and -evaluation of public health actions. Some examples are public health -surveillance system, indicator-based surveillance, disease surveillance -system, demographic surveillance system, etc. (144).
-The source’s potential to remain relevant and be of the quality -needed to generate information over time. This depends not only on the -periodicity of the data collection, but on the availability of the -financial resources needed to sustain that source of data, the presence -of a legal framework, political will, among other factors (23).
-vignettes/Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).Rmd
- Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).RmdThese are 17 global objectives that were agreed by Member States of -the United Nations and aim to transform our world. They are a call to -action to end poverty and inequality, protect the planet, and ensure -that all people enjoy health, justice and prosperity. It is critical -that no one is left behind (104).
-A population about which information is wanted and estimates are -required. It can be a group of individuals who meet specific criteria -for inclusion in a survey. In relation to health care, it is often a -group of individuals in need of a specific intervention or service -(146).A Z20
-| Administrative -area | -Disaggregation | -Global -Health Observatory | -Age -groupings | -
| Gender | -Granularity | -Age -specific mortality rate | -Geocoding | -
| Health -inequality | -Catchment -area | -Geo-enablement | -Health -inequity | -
| Causes -of death | -Geographic -accessibility | -Subnational | -- |
| Covariates | -Global -health estimates | -Method -of aggregate estimation | -Estimation -method | -
| Health -estimates | -- | - | - |
| Composite -indicator | -Metadata | -Output -indicator | -Core -indicator | -
| Indicator -classification | -Process -indicator | -Domain | -Indicator -definition | -
| Proxy -health indicator | -Health -indicator | -Input -indicator | -Rationale | -
| Impact -indicator | -Logic -model | -Tracer -indicator | -Indicator-based -surveillance | -
| Outcome -indicator | -- | - | - |
| Accountability | -Joint -external evaluation | -Results -framework | -Evaluation | -
| Monitoring | -Target -population | -Health -impact assessment | -Monitoring -and evaluation framework | -
| Care -cascade | -Outcome-adjusted -coverage | -Quality-adjusted -coverage | -Effective -coverage | -
| Chi-square -test | -Interoperability | -P -value | -Confounding | -
| Kappa -Statistic (K) | -Rate | -Correlation -analysis | -Linkage | -
| Ratio | -Count | -Mean | -Record -linkage | -
| Data | -Measure | -Regression | -Data -harmonization | -
| Measurement | -Sample | -Data -triangulation | -Measurement -method | -
| Sample -size | -Denominator | -Median | -Sampling -error | -
| Descriptive -analysis | -National representative | -Sensitivity -analysis | -Disability -adjusted life years | -
| Negative -predictive value | -Statistical -model | -Ecological -analysis | -Null -hypothesis | -
| Statistical -significance | -Ecological -fallacy | -Numerator | -Statistics | -
| Effect -size | -Odds -ratio | -Stratification | -Geospatial -analysis | -
| Percentage | -Trend | -Healthy -life expectancy at birth | -Periodicity | -
| Uncertainty -measure | -Heaping -of data | -Population -attributable fraction | -Weighting | -
| Years -lived with disability | -Interaction | -Processed -health data | -Intervention -coverage | -
| Proportion | -- | - | - |
When the data is quickly available and accessible for use. In the -context of data quality, the degree to which reports are submitted on -time according to established deadlines. Timeliness involves the -availability and reliability of the data at the time it is needed to -construct related indicators. Thus, timely indicators provide better -opportunities for making health-related decisions (13,23,66).
-Any information or communication relating to the processing of -personal data is easily accessible and easy to understand, and that -clear and plain language be used. Individuals should be made aware of -risks, rules, safeguards and rights in relation to the processing of -personal data and how to exercise their rights in relation to such -processing (147).
-vignettes/Understandable or simplicty.Rmd
- Understandable or simplicty.RmdUnit of measure in which the indicator is presented (e.g. deaths per -1000 live births; US$; litres per person per year). Note: Percentage is -not considered a unit of measure and indicators that are presented as -percentages should have the unit of measure field filled in as ‘n/a’
-vignettes/Usefulness or Utility.Rmd
- Usefulness or Utility.RmdEvents that are captured through civil registration and vital -statistic systems, which usually include live birth, death, fetal death, -marriage, divorce, annulment of marriage, judicial separation of -marriage, adoption, legitimation, recognition of parenthood, or change -of name or nationality (151).
-A technique used to adjust data to reflect the known population -profile. It is used to balance out any significant variance between -actual and target profile. Weighted analyses of population-based surveys -allow us to generalize findings to a larger or more general population. -This approach aims to provide unbiased estimates of descriptive -statistics or model parameters of the population of interest, which may -be a general population or major population subgroup. Incorporating -weights in the analyses can be crucial to achieve statistically valid, -representative population-based findings in surveys and to make -adjustments for sampling errors (153).Y
-vignettes/Years lived with disability.Rmd
- Years lived with disability.Rmd