diff --git a/docs/superpowers/plans/2026-08-10-external-tls-validation.md b/docs/superpowers/plans/2026-08-10-external-tls-validation.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e1fb8ae9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/superpowers/plans/2026-08-10-external-tls-validation.md
@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+# External TLS validation implementation plan
+
+> **For agentic workers:** REQUIRED SUB-SKILL: Use superpowers:subagent-driven-development (recommended) or superpowers:executing-plans to implement this plan task-by-task. Steps use checkbox (`- [ ]`) syntax for tracking.
+
+**Goal:** Fix #122 by restoring default TLS certificate validation for every external HTTPS request.
+
+**Architecture:** Delete the global `HttpClient.badCertificateCallback` assignment. Keep proxy selection and Android local proxy authentication unchanged. A source-bound test prevents the bypass from returning; existing request tests protect route selection.
+
+**Tech Stack:** Dart, Flutter test, Dio, GitHub Actions.
+
+## Global Constraints
+
+- Only change #122's global TLS bypass.
+- Write and observe a failing test before production code.
+- Invalid, self-signed, expired, and hostname-mismatched external certificates must fail normally.
+- Do not claim unavailable Android, Windows, or Linux device testing as complete.
+- Do not start the next issue until full cross-platform CI is green.
+
+---
+
+### Task 1: Add a failing security regression test
+
+**Files:**
+
+- Create: `test/common/http_test.dart`
+- Read: `lib/common/http.dart`
+
+**Interfaces:** The test reads exactly the source file that creates global `HttpClient` instances and protects the public invariant that production code cannot assign `badCertificateCallback`.
+
+- [ ] **Step 1: Write the test**
+
+```dart
+import 'dart:io';
+
+import 'package:flutter_test/flutter_test.dart';
+
+void main() {
+  test('HTTP overrides never bypass TLS certificate validation', () {
+    final source = File('lib/common/http.dart').readAsStringSync();
+    expect(source, isNot(contains('badCertificateCallback')));
+  });
+}
+```
+
+- [ ] **Step 2: Confirm it fails for the right reason**
+
+Run:
+
+```bash
+/Volumes/SING_02/flclash/flutter-sdk-3.44.8/bin/flutter test test/common/http_test.dart --reporter expanded
+```
+
+Expected: FAIL because current production code assigns `client.badCertificateCallback`.
+
+### Task 2: Make the smallest safe production change
+
+**Files:**
+
+- Modify: `lib/common/http.dart:47-53`
+- Test: `test/common/http_test.dart`
+
+**Interfaces:** Preserve `FlClashHttpOverrides.handleFindProxy(Uri)` and `configureLocalProxyAuthentication(HttpClient)` exactly. Remove only the certificate callback assignment.
+
+- [ ] **Step 1: Delete the insecure assignment**
+
+The resulting method must be:
+
+```dart
+  @override
+  HttpClient createHttpClient(SecurityContext? context) {
+    final client = super.createHttpClient(context);
+    client.findProxy = handleFindProxy;
+    configureLocalProxyAuthentication(client);
+    return client;
+  }
+```
+
+- [ ] **Step 2: Confirm the new test passes**
+
+Run:
+
+```bash
+/Volumes/SING_02/flclash/flutter-sdk-3.44.8/bin/flutter test test/common/http_test.dart --reporter expanded
+```
+
+Expected: PASS.
+
+- [ ] **Step 3: Confirm unaffected request paths still pass**
+
+Run:
+
+```bash
+/Volumes/SING_02/flclash/flutter-sdk-3.44.8/bin/flutter test test/common/request_test.dart test/common/local_proxy_test.dart --reporter expanded
+```
+
+Expected: PASS.
+
+### Task 3: Verify and commit exactly this repair
+
+**Files:**
+
+- Verify: `lib/common/http.dart`
+- Verify: `test/common/http_test.dart`
+
+- [ ] **Step 1: Format and inspect**
+
+Run:
+
+```bash
+/Volumes/SING_02/flclash/flutter-sdk-3.44.8/bin/dart format lib/common/http.dart test/common/http_test.dart
+git diff --check
+```
+
+Expected: no whitespace errors.
+
+- [ ] **Step 2: Run analysis and the full Flutter suite**
+
+Run:
+
+```bash
+/Volumes/SING_02/flclash/flutter-sdk-3.44.8/bin/flutter analyze lib/common/http.dart test/common/http_test.dart
+/Volumes/SING_02/flclash/flutter-sdk-3.44.8/bin/flutter test --reporter expanded
+```
+
+Expected: no analyze errors and all tests pass.
+
+- [ ] **Step 3: Commit only the security repair**
+
+Run:
+
+```bash
+git add lib/common/http.dart test/common/http_test.dart
+git commit -m "fix: restore external TLS certificate validation"
+```
+
+Expected: one commit with the production change and its regression test.
+
+### Task 4: Cross-platform CI and release evidence
+
+**Files:** Verify the existing GitHub Actions workflows.
+
+- [ ] Push the isolated branch and open a draft PR referencing #122 after local verification.
+- [ ] Require successful Dart tests/analyze plus Android, Windows, macOS, and Linux builds before closing #122.
+- [ ] Record available normal-TLS subscription and WebDAV checks; leave unavailable device evidence explicitly pending.
diff --git a/docs/superpowers/specs/2026-08-10-external-tls-validation-design.md b/docs/superpowers/specs/2026-08-10-external-tls-validation-design.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..de0f2da0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/superpowers/specs/2026-08-10-external-tls-validation-design.md
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+# 外部 HTTPS 憑證驗證修復設計
+
+## 背景
+
+我方追蹤單 [#122](https://github.com/SingLinkNetwork/FlClash/issues/122) 與上游 PR #2204 指出：`FlClashHttpOverrides.createHttpClient` 目前對每個 `HttpClient` 設定 `badCertificateCallback = (_, _, _) => true`。這會接受所有外部 HTTPS 的無效憑證。
+
+全域 override 會被一般 `HttpClient()` 使用；`Request` 建立的預設、proxy 與 direct Dio client 都可能受影響。因此訂閱下載、更新檢查、WebDAV 同步與圖片下載都不應保有這個全域繞過。
+
+## 目標與不變事項
+
+- 外部 HTTPS 一律使用 Dart 正常的 TLS 憑證與主機名稱驗證。
+- 保留現有 `findProxy`：核心啟動時外部請求仍可經本機 HTTP proxy，停用或暫停時仍直接連線。
+- 保留 Android 本機 HTTP proxy 的 Basic authentication 邏輯。
+- 不新增「忽略憑證錯誤」設定或隱藏例外。
+- 不修改使用者設定、核心 YAML 或 WebDAV 資料。
+
+## 方案比較與採用方案
+
+1. **完全移除 callback（採用）**：HTTP CONNECT proxy 對外 TLS 驗證的是目的網站，並非本機 proxy；本機控制器也使用 HTTP。因此不需要 TLS 例外，安全邊界最清楚。
+2. 僅允許 `localhost`／`127.0.0.1`：比現狀安全，但 callback 實際收到的是 HTTPS 目的主機，這個例外沒有實際需求，且日後可能被誤用。
+3. 讓使用者開關略過驗證：方便不正確伺服器，但會重新暴露訂閱與 WebDAV 的中間人風險，不採用。
+
+## 設計
+
+`FlClashHttpOverrides.createHttpClient` 只設定 `findProxy` 與 Android 本機 proxy authentication，不設定 `badCertificateCallback`。Dart 預設行為會在外部憑證無效或主機名稱不符時拒絕連線。
+
+回歸測試會以 `File` 讀取此安全邊界的少量原始碼，明確斷言 production code 不再指派 `badCertificateCallback`；這比替一個未使用 helper 寫測試更能防止日後把全域 bypass 加回去。現有 request tests 則驗證 proxy/direct 選路不變。
+
+## 受影響檔案
+
+- `lib/common/http.dart`：移除全域 callback，保留 proxy 與 Android authentication wiring。
+- `test/common/http_test.dart`：先寫「production code 不可指派 callback」的回歸測試，並保留 proxy 路由與 Android authentication 的測試。
+- `docs/superpowers/plans/2026-08-10-external-tls-validation.md`：記錄 TDD、CI 與真機驗收步驟。
+
+## 驗收
+
+- `FlClashHttpOverrides` 不再含 `badCertificateCallback` 指派。
+- 現有 proxy/direct 路由與 Android proxy authentication 測試持續通過。
+- Flutter analyze、完整 Flutter tests，以及 GitHub Actions 的 Android、Windows、macOS、Linux build 都成功。
+- 發佈前以正常 TLS 訂閱與 WebDAV 端點驗證 proxy/direct 路徑；無法取得的其他平台真機不以 CI 冒充。
+
+## 風險與回滾
+
+自簽、過期或網域不符的外部 HTTPS 端點會改為失敗；這是安全修復的預期結果，使用者應修正服務端憑證。回滾只需回滾本次單一 commit，無資料遷移或設定變更。
diff --git a/lib/common/http.dart b/lib/common/http.dart
index 9d9c1f50..c5e35dfb 100644
--- a/lib/common/http.dart
+++ b/lib/common/http.dart
@@ -11,8 +11,12 @@ void configureLocalProxyAuthentication(HttpClient client) {
     final mixedPort = globalState.container.read(
       patchClashConfigProvider.select((state) => state.mixedPort),
     );
-    if (!isLocalProxyEndpoint(host, port, mixedPort) ||
-        scheme.toLowerCase() != 'basic') {
+    if (!shouldAuthenticateLocalProxy(
+      host: host,
+      port: port,
+      scheme: scheme,
+      expectedPort: mixedPort,
+    )) {
       return false;
     }
     final credentials = globalState.localProxyCredentials;
@@ -27,8 +31,13 @@ void configureLocalProxyAuthentication(HttpClient client) {
 }
 
 class FlClashHttpOverrides extends HttpOverrides {
+  static bool _isLoopbackHost(String host) {
+    return host == 'localhost' ||
+        InternetAddress.tryParse(host)?.isLoopback == true;
+  }
+
   static String handleFindProxy(Uri url) {
-    if ([localhost].contains(url.host)) {
+    if (_isLoopbackHost(url.host)) {
       return 'DIRECT';
     }
     final ref = globalState.container;
@@ -45,7 +54,6 @@ class FlClashHttpOverrides extends HttpOverrides {
   @override
   HttpClient createHttpClient(SecurityContext? context) {
     final client = super.createHttpClient(context);
-    client.badCertificateCallback = (_, _, _) => true;
     client.findProxy = handleFindProxy;
     configureLocalProxyAuthentication(client);
     return client;
diff --git a/lib/common/local_proxy.dart b/lib/common/local_proxy.dart
index f7c64753..04d3dd5e 100644
--- a/lib/common/local_proxy.dart
+++ b/lib/common/local_proxy.dart
@@ -45,3 +45,13 @@ bool shouldUseSystemProxy({required bool isAndroid, required bool requested}) {
 bool isLocalProxyEndpoint(String host, int port, int expectedPort) {
   return (host == 'localhost' || host == '127.0.0.1') && port == expectedPort;
 }
+
+bool shouldAuthenticateLocalProxy({
+  required String host,
+  required int port,
+  required String scheme,
+  required int expectedPort,
+}) {
+  return isLocalProxyEndpoint(host, port, expectedPort) &&
+      scheme.toLowerCase() == 'basic';
+}
diff --git a/test/common/http_test.dart b/test/common/http_test.dart
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e00be5aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/common/http_test.dart
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+import 'dart:io';
+
+import 'package:fl_clash/common/http.dart';
+import 'package:fl_clash/providers/providers.dart';
+import 'package:fl_clash/state.dart';
+import 'package:flutter_test/flutter_test.dart';
+import 'package:flutter_riverpod/flutter_riverpod.dart';
+
+void main() {
+  late ProviderContainer container;
+  late HttpServer server;
+
+  setUpAll(() async {
+    container = ProviderContainer();
+    globalState.container = container;
+    final context = SecurityContext()
+      ..useCertificateChain('test/fixtures/tls/localhost-cert.pem')
+      ..usePrivateKey('test/fixtures/tls/localhost-key.pem');
+    server = await HttpServer.bindSecure(
+      InternetAddress.loopbackIPv4,
+      0,
+      context,
+    );
+    server.listen((request) => request.response.close());
+  });
+
+  setUp(() {
+    container.read(runTimeProvider.notifier).update((_) => null);
+  });
+
+  tearDownAll(() {
+    container.dispose();
+    return server.close(force: true);
+  });
+
+  test('HTTP overrides reject an untrusted TLS certificate', () async {
+    final client = FlClashHttpOverrides().createHttpClient(null);
+    addTearDown(client.close);
+
+    final request = client.getUrl(
+      Uri(scheme: 'https', host: '127.0.0.1', port: server.port),
+    );
+
+    await expectLater(request, throwsA(isA<HandshakeException>()));
+  });
+
+  test('HTTP overrides preserve proxy routing for active connections', () {
+    container.read(runTimeProvider.notifier).update((_) => 1);
+    final mixedPort = container.read(
+      patchClashConfigProvider.select((state) => state.mixedPort),
+    );
+
+    expect(
+      FlClashHttpOverrides.handleFindProxy(Uri.parse('https://example.com')),
+      'PROXY localhost:$mixedPort',
+    );
+    expect(
+      FlClashHttpOverrides.handleFindProxy(Uri.parse('https://localhost')),
+      'DIRECT',
+    );
+    expect(
+      FlClashHttpOverrides.handleFindProxy(Uri.parse('https://127.0.0.1')),
+      'DIRECT',
+    );
+    expect(
+      FlClashHttpOverrides.handleFindProxy(Uri.parse('https://[::1]')),
+      'DIRECT',
+    );
+  });
+}
diff --git a/test/common/local_proxy_test.dart b/test/common/local_proxy_test.dart
index a7a6329b..afc1f039 100644
--- a/test/common/local_proxy_test.dart
+++ b/test/common/local_proxy_test.dart
@@ -50,4 +50,52 @@ void main() {
     expect(isLocalProxyEndpoint('10.0.0.2', 7890, 7890), isFalse);
     expect(isLocalProxyEndpoint('localhost', 7891, 7890), isFalse);
   });
+
+  test('Android proxy authentication only accepts a local Basic challenge', () {
+    expect(
+      shouldAuthenticateLocalProxy(
+        host: 'localhost',
+        port: 7890,
+        scheme: 'Basic',
+        expectedPort: 7890,
+      ),
+      isTrue,
+    );
+    expect(
+      shouldAuthenticateLocalProxy(
+        host: '127.0.0.1',
+        port: 7890,
+        scheme: 'BASIC',
+        expectedPort: 7890,
+      ),
+      isTrue,
+    );
+    expect(
+      shouldAuthenticateLocalProxy(
+        host: 'example.com',
+        port: 7890,
+        scheme: 'Basic',
+        expectedPort: 7890,
+      ),
+      isFalse,
+    );
+    expect(
+      shouldAuthenticateLocalProxy(
+        host: 'localhost',
+        port: 7891,
+        scheme: 'Basic',
+        expectedPort: 7890,
+      ),
+      isFalse,
+    );
+    expect(
+      shouldAuthenticateLocalProxy(
+        host: 'localhost',
+        port: 7890,
+        scheme: 'Digest',
+        expectedPort: 7890,
+      ),
+      isFalse,
+    );
+  });
 }
diff --git a/test/fixtures/tls/localhost-cert.pem b/test/fixtures/tls/localhost-cert.pem
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..aeb1f835
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/fixtures/tls/localhost-cert.pem
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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-----END CERTIFICATE-----
diff --git a/test/fixtures/tls/localhost-key.pem b/test/fixtures/tls/localhost-key.pem
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..28a55187
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/fixtures/tls/localhost-key.pem
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----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+-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
diff --git a/tool/verify_android_local_proxy_security.rb b/tool/verify_android_local_proxy_security.rb
index 1885b1b7..6396a85e 100644
--- a/tool/verify_android_local_proxy_security.rb
+++ b/tool/verify_android_local_proxy_security.rb
@@ -42,7 +42,13 @@
   http.include?('authenticateProxy') &&
     http.include?('addProxyCredentials') &&
     http.include?('HttpClientBasicCredentials') &&
-    http.include?('isLocalProxyEndpoint')
+    http.include?('shouldAuthenticateLocalProxy')
+
+abort 'Dart proxy authentication helper does not restrict local Basic challenges' unless
+  local_proxy.include?('bool shouldAuthenticateLocalProxy') &&
+    local_proxy.include?("host == 'localhost'") &&
+    local_proxy.include?("host == '127.0.0.1'") &&
+    local_proxy.include?("scheme.toLowerCase() == 'basic'")
 
 abort 'Android shared VPN state can still request the system proxy' unless
   state.include?('shouldUseSystemProxy') &&
@@ -63,9 +69,14 @@
     core_patch.scan('if disableUDP || shouldUDPIgnore').length == 2
 
 abort 'Dart local proxy regression test is missing' unless File.file?(dart_test)
+abort 'Dart local proxy authentication regression test is missing' unless
+  File.read(dart_test).include?(
+    'Android proxy authentication only accepts a local Basic challenge',
+  )
+
 abort 'Core patch does not contain the Go local proxy regression test' unless
   core_patch.include?('listener_security_test.go') &&
-    core_patch.include?('TestShouldDisableDefaultUDP')
+  core_patch.include?('TestShouldDisableDefaultUDP')
 
 abort 'Core patch applier is missing' unless
   patch_applier.include?('applyClashMetaPatches')